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arXiv 提交日期: 2026-02-18
📄 Abstract - The Impact of Formations on Football Matches Using Double Machine Learning. Is it worth parking the bus?

This study addresses a central tactical dilemma for football coaches: whether to employ a defensive strategy, colloquially known as "parking the bus", or a more offensive one. Using an advanced Double Machine Learning (DML) framework, this project provides a robust and interpretable tool to estimate the causal impact of different formations on key match outcomes such as goal difference, possession, corners, and disciplinary actions. Leveraging a dataset of over 22,000 matches from top European leagues, formations were categorized into six representative types based on tactical structure and expert consultation. A major methodological contribution lies in the adaptation of DML to handle categorical treatments, specifically formation combinations, through a novel matrix-based residualization process, allowing for a detailed estimation of formation-versus-formation effects that can inform a coach's tactical decision-making. Results show that while offensive formations like 4-3-3 and 4-2-3-1 offer modest statistical advantages in possession and corners, their impact on goals is limited. Furthermore, no evidence supports the idea that defensive formations, commonly associated with parking the bus, increase a team's winning potential. Additionally, red cards appear unaffected by formation choice, suggesting other behavioral factors dominate. Although this approach does not fully capture all aspects of playing style or team strength, it provides a valuable framework for coaches to analyze tactical efficiency and sets a precedent for future research in sports analytics.

顶级标签: machine learning model evaluation data
详细标签: causal inference sports analytics double machine learning football tactics formation analysis 或 搜索:

使用双重机器学习评估阵型对足球比赛的影响:摆大巴值得吗? / The Impact of Formations on Football Matches Using Double Machine Learning. Is it worth parking the bus?


1️⃣ 一句话总结

这项研究通过分析超过2.2万场顶级联赛数据发现,无论进攻型还是防守型阵型,对比赛胜负和进球的影响都有限,为教练评估战术效率提供了一个新的分析框架。

源自 arXiv: 2602.16830