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arXiv 提交日期: 2026-03-25
📄 Abstract - From Liar Paradox to Incongruent Sets: A Normal Form for Self-Reference

We introduce incongruent normal form (INF), a structural representation for self-referential semantic sentences. An INF replaces a self-referential sentence with a finite family of non-self-referential sentences that are individually satisfiable but not jointly satisfiable. This transformation isolates the semantic obstruction created by self-reference while preserving classical semantics locally and is accompanied by correctness theorems characterizing when global inconsistency arises from locally compatible commitments. We then study the role of incongruence as a structural source of semantic informativeness. Using a minimal model-theoretic notion of informativeness-understood as the ability of sentences to distinguish among admissible models-we show that semantic completeness precludes informativeness, while incongruence preserves it. Moreover, incongruence is not confined to paradoxical constructions: any consistent incomplete first-order theory admits finite incongruent families arising from incompatible complete extensions. In this sense, incompleteness manifests structurally as locally realizable but globally incompatible semantic commitments, providing a minimal formal basis for semantic knowledge. Finally, we introduce a quantitative semantic framework. In a canonical finite semantic-state setting, we model semantic commitments as Boolean functions and define a Fourier-analytic notion of semantic energy based on total influence. We derive uncertainty-style bounds relating semantic determinacy, informativeness, and spectral simplicity, and establish a matrix inequality bounding aggregate semantic variance by total semantic energy. These results show quantitatively that semantic informativeness cannot collapse into a single determinate state without unbounded energy cost, identifying incongruence as a fundamental structural and quantitative feature of semantic representation.

顶级标签: theory natural language processing machine learning
详细标签: self-reference semantic representation incompleteness model theory formal semantics 或 搜索:

从说谎者悖论到不协调集:自指的一种范式 / From Liar Paradox to Incongruent Sets: A Normal Form for Self-Reference


1️⃣ 一句话总结

这篇论文提出了一种名为‘不协调范式’的新方法,将自指语句(如‘这句话是假的’)分解为一组局部成立但整体矛盾的普通语句,从而揭示了语义信息如何通过这种‘局部相容但全局冲突’的结构得以保留,并用量化分析证明了语义的丰富性必然伴随结构上的不协调性。

源自 arXiv: 2603.24527