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Abstract - Language-Switching Triggers Take a Latent Detour Through Language Models
Backdoor attacks on language models pose a growing security concern, yet the internal mechanisms by which a trigger sequence hijacks model computations remain poorly understood. We identify a circuit underlying a language-switching backdoor in an 8B-parameter autoregressive language model, where a three-word Latin trigger (nine tokens) redirects English output to French. We decompose the circuit into three phases: (1) distributed attention heads at early layers compose the trigger tokens into the last sequence position; (2) the resulting signal propagates through mid-layers in a subspace orthogonal to the model's natural language-identity direction; (3) the MLP at the final layer converts this latent signal into French logits. The entire circuit flows through a serial bottleneck at a single position: corrupting that position at any layer entirely mitigate the trigger but also hinder the model's capabilities. The orthogonal latent encoding suggests that defenses that search for language-like signals in intermediate representations would miss this trigger entirely.
语言切换触发器在语言模型中的潜在迂回路径 /
Language-Switching Triggers Take a Latent Detour Through Language Models
1️⃣ 一句话总结
本研究揭示了一种在大型语言模型中的“后门攻击”机制:通过一个由三个拉丁词组成的触发序列(九个令牌),模型会自动将英文输出切换为法文,这一过程并非直接改变模型的语言识别方向,而是通过注意力头将触发信息汇聚到中间层的一个特定位置,再经过MLP层将其转化为法文输出,从而绕过了基于语言特征的传统防御手段。